Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not representthe views of the U.S.Census Bureau or the National Bureau of Economic Research.Thisstudy relies on confidential micro-data available to approved projects through the U.S.Federal Statistical Research Data Centers.All results have been reviewed to ensure that noconfidential information is disclosed.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product toensure appropriate access,use,and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential sourcedata(Project No.P-7508509,Disclosure Review Board(DRB)approval number:CBDRB-
FY20-095,CBDRB-FY20-331,CBDRB-FY21-041,CBDRB-FY22-074.CBDRB-FY22-246.CBDRB-FY23-0309).We thank the Editor,two anonymous referees,Tim Bresnahan,JohnEltinge,Nathan Goldschlag,Rob Seamans,and participants in the Columbia/WhartonManagement,Analytics,and Data Conference and Georgetown’s McDonough School ofBusiness strategy seminar for excellent comments and feedback.Financial support from theStanford Digital Economy Lab,the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and the Social Sciencesand Humanities Research Council(SSHRC)of Canada is gratefully acknowledged.All errorsremain our own.
At least one co-author has disclosed additional relationships of potential relevance for thisresearch.Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w31788
NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes.They have not beenpeer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompaniesofficial NBER publications.
◎2023 by Kristina McElheran ①J.Frank Li ①Erik Brynjolfsson ①Zachary Kroff ①EminDinlersoz ①Lucia S.Foster ①Nikolas Zolas.All rights reserved.Short sections of text,not toexceed two paragraphs,may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit,including notice,is given to the source.
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